教皇庇护九世（1792-1878年，1848年在位） - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	教皇庇护九世（1792-1878年，1848年在位）
品名（英）	Pope Pius IX (1792-1878, reigned from 1848)
入馆年号	2021年，2021.20.1
策展部门	欧洲雕塑和装饰艺术（European Sculpture and Decorative Arts）
创作者	A. Latry et Cie.【1859 至 1898】【法国人】
创作年份	公元 1870 - 公元 1873
创作地区
分类	奖章和牌匾（Medals and Plaquettes）
尺寸	ht with bail, confirmed: 4 3/4 × 4 7/16 × 5/8 英寸 (12.1 × 11.3 × 1.6 厘米)
介绍（中）	这枚教皇庇护九世（1792-1878；1846-1878在位）的肖像章由硬化木制成，是工业革命期间为大规模制造而开发的实验材料的一个有趣例子。1854年，法国作家François Charles Le Page发明了一种将精细粉末状木材与牛血或其他有机粘合剂混合的混合物，在压缩到金属模具中并干燥后，这种混合物会变成坚硬、坚固、轻质的材料。阿尔弗雷德·拉特里于1859年获得了该专利。他在巴黎的工厂生产各种廉价、可复制的小型国产bois durci物品，如相框、胸针、搭扣、盒子和肖像章，直到1898年。如今，基于纤维素的bois durci被认为是基于聚合物的合成化合物酚醛树脂和现代塑料的先驱当代政治和文化领袖的肖像章是Latry业务中利润丰厚的组成部分。Pius IX代表了工厂开发的既有吸引力又易于大规模生产的设计。圆形奖章大小相同，遵循相同的正式惯例。受试者被描绘成圆形轮廓，在颈部或正下方被截断。大胆、造型广泛、抛光的肖像画和大幅抛光的简短铭文在纹理细腻的哑光背景下脱颖而出。这位名不见经传的艺术家为庇护九世在博伊斯杜尔西的制作做了模特，他的肖像可能是基于一枚年度教皇勋章。庇护在其统治的第27年和第28年颁发的勋章上的肖像与博伊斯·杜尔奇的肖像最为相似，表明其制作日期为19世纪70年代初。
介绍（英）	Made of bois durci (hardened wood) this portrait medallion of Pope Pius IX (1792-1878; reigned 1846-1878) is an interesting example of an experimental material developed for mass manufacture during the industrial revolution. In 1854, the French author, François Charles Le Page, invented the mixture of finely powdered wood blended with oxblood or other organic binders that transformed into a hard, sturdy, lightweight material after being compressed into metal molds and dried. Alfred Latry acquired the patent in 1859. His factory in Paris produced a variety of inexpensive, replicable small-scale domestic bois durci objects – such as frames, brooches, buckles, boxes, and portrait medallions -- until 1898. Today, cellulose-based bois durci is considered a forerunner to the polymer-based synthetic compounds bakelite and modern plastic. Portrait medallions of contemporary political and cultural leaders were a lucrative component of Latry’s business. Pius IX represents the design, both attractive and easy to mass produce that was developed by the factory. The circular medallions are all the same size and follow the same formal conventions. Subjects are depicted in medallic profile truncated at or just below the neck. The bold, broadly modelled, polished portraits and large, polished brief inscriptions stand out sharply against the finely textured, matte backgrounds. The unknown artist who modelled Pius IX for production in bois durci probably based the likeness on an annual pontifical medal. Pius’s portraits on the medals issued during the 27th and 28th years of his reign most resemble the bois durci portrait, suggesting the early 1870s as the date of its making.