楔形文字碑文：Utukku lemnutu，碑文12 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	楔形文字碑文：Utukku lemnutu，碑文12
品名（英）	Cuneiform tablet: Utukku lemnutu, tablet 12
入馆年号	1886年，86.11.537
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 1
创作地区
分类
尺寸	2 1/8 x 1 x 3/4 英寸 (5.4 x 2.4 x 2 厘米)
介绍（中）	大约在公元前3300年，文字的发明是行政技术的许多发展之一，包括使用几何代币进行计数和使用圆柱印章来保证交易，这些发展伴随着美索不达米亚南部第一批城市和州的发展。原始楔形文字是最早的书写形式的名称——在泥板上绘制的象形文字。渐渐地，象形文字被抽象成楔形文字（拉丁语，"楔形"）标志，这些标志是印象而非绘画的。从叙利亚地中海沿岸到伊朗西部，从赫梯-安纳托利亚到美索不达米亚南部，楔形文字的使用范围最广。它被改编成至少15种不同的语言。最后一个确定日期的楔形文字的日期对应于公元75年，尽管该文字可能在接下来的两个世纪里继续使用尤其是在后来的时期，抄写员创作了一系列长而多片的作品。其中一个系列被称为Utukku lemnuti，记录了帮助和防止恶魔和鬼魂攻击的咒语。一些咒语来源于公元前三千年的文本，当时这些文本首次被创作出来，并作为魔术师（阿卡德阿希普）传说的一部分在几个世纪内传播。这是该系列中的第十二块泥板。该文本从左到右，讲述了对自然和农业的恶魔般的破坏，并描述了一种替罪羊仪式，在这种仪式中，一只山羊被用来带走折磨病人的邪恶 Utukku lemnuti系列的几块石碑被大都会艺术博物馆收藏，包括石碑3（86.11.468+886.11.379a，c-f）和16（86.11.382a，b+886.11.382c），以及其他几块石碑12的复制品（86.11.366+886.11.542；86.11.379b+886.11.534）。
介绍（英）	The invention of writing in approximately 3300 B.C. was one of many developments in administrative technology--including the use of geometric tokens for counting and cylinder seals to guarantee transactions--that accompanied the growth of the first cities and states in southern Mesopotamia. Proto-cuneiform is the name given to the earliest form of writing--pictograms that were drawn on clay tablets. Gradually, the pictograms became abstracted into cuneiform (Latin, "wedge-shaped") signs that were impressed rather than drawn. At its greatest extent, cuneiform writing was used from the Mediterranean coast of Syria to western Iran and from Hittite Anatolia to southern Mesopotamia. It was adapted to write at least fifteen different languages. The last dated cuneiform text has a date corresponding to A.D. 75, although the script probably continued in use over the next two centuries. In later periods especially, scribes produced long, multi-tablet series of writings. One series, known as Utukku lemnuti, records incantations to aid in and prevent against attack by demons and ghosts. Some incantations derive from texts dating back to the third millennium B.C., when such texts were first composed, and were transmitted over the centuries as part of the lore of the magician (Akkadian ashipu). This clay tablet is the twelfth in the series. The text, which reads from left to right, deals with the demonic disruption of nature and agriculture and describes a scapegoat ritual in which a goat is used to carry off the evil that afflicts a patient. Several tablets of the series Utukku lemnuti are in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of art, including tablets 3 (86.11.468 + 86.11.379a, c-f) and 16 (86.11.382a, b + 86.11.382c), as well as several other copies of tablet 12 (86.11.366 + 86.11.542; 86.11.379b + 86.11.534).