奥埃尔 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	奥埃尔
品名（英）	Ūd
入馆年号	2014年，2014.522a, b
策展部门	乐器（Musical Instruments）
创作者	Manol (Emmanuel Venios)【1830 至 1920】【希腊人，活跃于土耳其】
创作年份	公元 1916
创作地区	土耳其, 伊斯坦布尔（Turkey, Istanbul）
分类	未解冻的琵琶琴（Chordophone-Lute-plucked-unfretted）
尺寸	31 1/2 × 14 5/16 × 7 7/16 英寸 (80 × 36.4 × 18.9 厘米)
介绍（中）	Emmanuel Venious，被称为Manol，是19世纪末至20世纪初居住在君士坦丁堡（伊斯坦布尔）的希腊制琴师。他的出生日期和地点不确定，但到1870年，他在贝伊奥卢区的伊斯蒂克拉尔大道建立了一个工作室，在那里他开发了土耳其/亚美尼亚风格。他的乐器与博物馆收藏的更大的阿拉伯模型不同，后者由着名的埃及制造商Gamil Georges代表。相比之下，Manol的乐器更轻，使用更少的肋骨形成乐器的拱形背部，颈部有不同的内部支撑和连接系统——所有这些特征都促进了"Manol声音"和他作为"Ūd的斯特拉迪瓦里"的声誉。这件乐器交替使用木材和珍珠母饰边、拨片护罩、指板上蜿蜒的植物图案以及 18 个交替的浅色和深色木材，比现存 25 个左右的大多数例子更具装饰性。博物馆的ūd以前由着名的亚美尼亚音乐家John Bilezikjian拥有，曾经由Udi Hran Kenkulian（Udi Hrant）拥有，他在将乐器转变为当代流行音乐方面至关重要。Ūds 已经存在了 5，000 多年，是全球许多乐器的先驱，包括以阿拉伯语 al'ud 命名的鲁特琴，它们的梨形形式经常在艺术中描绘。
介绍（英）	Emmanuel Venious, known as Manol, was a Greek luthier living in Constantinople (Istanbul) in the late 19th- early 20th centuries. His birth date and place are uncertain but by 1870 he had established a workshop on Istiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu district where he developed the Turkish/Armenian style ūd. His instruments are distinct from the larger Arab model which is represented in the Museum’s collection by the well-known Egyptian maker Gamil Georges. By comparison, Manol’s instruments are lighter, use less ribs to form the instrument’s vaulted back, different internal bracing and attachment system at the neck—all features that advance the "Manol sound" and his reputation as the "Stradivarius of the Ūd." This instrument with alternating wood and mother-of-pearl trim, plectrum guard, meandering vegetal designs on the fingerboard and eighteen alternating light and dark wood staved back is more ornamented than the majority of the 25 or so existing examples. The Museum’s ūd, previous owned by the renown Armenian musician John Bilezikjian, was once owned by Udi Hran Kenkulian (Udi Hrant) who was crucial in transforming the instrument for use in contemporary popular music. Ūds have existed for over 5,000 years, served as the forerunner of many instruments worldwide, including the lute which takes its name from the Arabic al’ud and their pear-shaped form are frequently depicted in art.