呼啦木偶 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	呼啦木偶
品名（英）	Ipu Hula
入馆年号	1889年，89.4.754
策展部门	乐器（Musical Instruments）
创作者
创作年份	公元 1801 - 公元 1900
创作地区	美国, 夏威夷（United States, Hawai'i）
分类	习语标记（Idiophone-Stamping）
尺寸	高 76.2 厘米 (30 英寸); 直径 30.5 厘米 (12 英寸)
介绍（中）	夏威夷特有的大型葫芦鼓，称为葫芦鼓。伊普葫芦是由两个伊普（葫芦）制成的，一个较小的葫芦形成乐器的顶部，一个较大的葫芦形成仪器的下部。葫芦经过特殊的栽培，以获得所需的形状。当葫芦达到合适的尺寸时，就可以收获葫芦，去掉葫芦的上部和里面的东西，留下坚硬的空壳。较小的葫芦被倒置，并用以前由面包果树液制成的胶水粘在较大的葫芦的开口顶部，形成一个空心的八字形乐器。顶部做了一个圆孔，可以让声音逸出 Ipu草裙被用来为圣歌和舞蹈提供基本节奏，尤其是，正如名字所示，各种形式的夏威夷草裙。它可以由任何性别的音乐家演奏。演奏草裙时，音乐家坐在地上放一个垫子，通常由折叠布制成，以缓冲乐器的冲击。为了标记每一小节的初始节拍，演奏者在垫好的地面上垂直敲击乐器，产生低沉的共鸣。接下来的节拍是通过将乐器保持在离地的位置，用三或四个手指的扁平部分敲击下部的侧面，产生敲击声。这种技术的变体也存在。自前接触时代以来，草裙一直在生产，至今仍是当代夏威夷文化的重要组成部分。这个例子是国王卡美哈梅哈四世（1854-63）皇家合奏的一部分。
介绍（英）	Large gourd drums called ipu hula are unique to Hawai'i. Ipu hula are fashioned from two ipu (gourds), a smaller one forming the top and a larger one the lower portion of the instrument. The gourds are specially cultivated to obtain the desired shape. When they have reached the appropriate size the gourds are harvested and the upper portions and contents removed, leaving the hard empty shells. The smaller gourd is inverted and cemented over the open top of the larger one with glue, formerly made from breadfruit tree sap, creating a hollow figure-eight shaped instrument. A circular hole made in the top allows the sound to escape. Ipu hula are used to provide the fundamental rhythm for chants and dances, especially, as the name indicates, various forms of Hawaiian hula. It can be played by musicians of either sex. When playing the ipu hula, the musician sits and places a pad, typically made from folded cloth, on the ground to cushion the impact of the instrument. To mark the initial beat of each measure the player strikes the instrument vertically on the padded ground, producing a deep resonant tone. The succeeding beats are marked by holding the instrument off the ground and striking the side of the lower portion with the flat of three or four fingers, creating a tapping sound. Variants of this technique also exist. Produced continuously since precontact times, the ipu hula remains a vital part of contemporary Hawaiian culture. This example was part of the royal ensemble of King Kamehameha IV (1854-63).