地狱十王 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	地狱十王
品名（英）	Ten Kings of Hell
入馆年号	1930年，30.76.293
策展部门	亚洲艺术（Asian Art）
创作者	Jin Chushi【1167 至 1199】【中国人】
创作年份	公元 1167 - 公元 1194
创作地区
分类	绘画（Paintings）
尺寸	图像: 51 x 19 1/2 英寸 (129.5 x 49.5 厘米) 整体 with knobs: 80 x 27 1/2 英寸 (203.2 x 69.9 厘米)
介绍（中）	这是一组卷轴（30.76.290–.294）中的一幅，描绘了唐代下半叶（618–907）发展起来的地狱十王的主题。这一主题将印度佛教的死后判断观转变为典型的中国官僚程序。在被允许转世进入下一个生命之前，一个灵魂每周都会被不同的国王审判七周；第一百天送到第八任国王那里，一年后送到第九任国王那里；第三年送到第十任国王那里。在这里，每幅卷轴都显示了一位国王在一名抄写员和其他官员的协助下，对死者的灵魂进行检查和宣判；在前景中，恶魔惩罚恶人现存的宋元佛教绘画大多保存在日本；许多是从浙江省宁波市带到那里的，宁波是日本商人和朝圣者的重要港口城市。现在画上的铭文表明，它们是在明州佛教俗人金楚石的工作室里制作的，明州是宁波的名字，1195年改为清远府；因此，这些画的年代必须在那一年之前。在风格上，它们与京都大德寺禅寺的《五百罗汉》非常接近，这些罗汉也是宁波制造的，年代为1178年。这些作品生动的绘画和强烈的色彩是这一时期最好的佛教叙事画的典型。
介绍（英）	This is one from a set of scrolls (30.76.290–.294) illustrating the theme of the Ten Kings of Hell, which developed during the second half of the Tang dynasty (618–907). The theme transforms the Indian Buddhist view of judgment after death into a typically Chinese bureaucratic process. Before being permitted to transmigrate into the next life, a soul is tried by a different king each week for seven weeks; it is sent to the eighth king on the hundredth day, to the ninth after a year, and to the tenth the third year after death. Here, each scroll shows a king—assisted by a scribe and other officials—examining and passing sentence on the souls of the dead; in the foreground demons punish the wicked.. Most extant Song and Yuan dynasty Buddhist paintings were preserved in Japan; many had been taken there from Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, an important port city for Japanese merchants and pilgrims. Inscriptions on the present paintings state that they were made in the studio of Jin Chushi, a Buddhist layman in Mingzhou, the name for Ningbo before it was changed to Qingyuanfu in 1195; the paintings, therefore, must date prior to that year. Stylistically, they are extremely close to The Five Hundred Luohans in the Zen Buddhist temple Daitokuji, Kyoto, which were also made in Ningbo and are dated 1178. The vivid drawing and the intense colors of these works are typical of the best Buddhist narrative paintings of the period.