朋友 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	朋友
品名（英）	Rakan
入馆年号	1995年，1995.598a, b
策展部门	亚洲艺术（Asian Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元 1333 - 公元 1392
创作地区
分类	绘画（Paintings）
尺寸	图像 (a): 37 3/4 x 15 3/4 英寸 (95.9 x 40 厘米) 整体 with mounting (a): 68 7/8 x 22 1/2 英寸 (174.9 x 57.2 厘米) 整体 with knobs (a): 68 7/8 x 24 3/4 英寸 (174.9 x 62.9 厘米) 图像 (b): 37 1/4 x 15 5/8 英寸 (94.6 x 39.7 厘米) 整体 with mounting (b): 68 7/8 x 22 1/2 英寸 (174.9 x 57.2 厘米) 整体 with knobs (b): 68 7/8 x 24 1/2 英寸 (174.9 x 62.2 厘米)
介绍（中）	罗汉（在日语中称为rakan）是历史上的释迦牟尼佛的传奇弟子。他们以他的榜样为榜样，通过自己的努力获得了启蒙。像耶稣的门徒一样，他们留在世界上保存历史佛陀的教义，直到未来佛陀弥勒佛的到来。它们总是被描绘在户外环境中，经常有熟悉又神奇的动物出现拉康的形象在禅宗中占有特殊地位，被尊为个人精神追求的典范。他们通常以十六、十八或五百人为一组，悬挂在释迦牟尼像的侧面。可以推测，这两种格式来自最常见的十六种格式。这些画作是以中国职业画家金大寿（音）于12世纪末在浙江宁波签署的画作（现藏于东京国立博物馆）为蓝本，中国禅宗教师和日本学生在宁波旅行。人物的中国风格和园林环境是宋代最著名的人物画家李公麟（约1040–1106）的肖像传统的特征。
介绍（英）	Arhats (known in Japanese as rakan) are legendary disciples of the historical Buddha, Shakyamuni. Following his example, they attained enlightenment through their own efforts. Like the disciples of Jesus, they remain in the world to preserve the teachings of the historical Buddha until the coming of the future Buddha, Maitreya. They are invariably portrayed in outdoor settings, often attended by animals both familiar and fantastic. Images of rakan hold a special place in Zen Buddhism, where they are honored as exemplars of the individual spiritual quest. They are usually envisioned in groups of sixteen, eighteen, or five hundred and are hung flanking an image of Shakyamuni. These two can be presumed to have come from a set of sixteen, the most common format. They are closely modeled on paintings (now in the Tokyo National Museum) that were signed by a Chinese professional painter, Jin Dashou, at the end of the twelfth century in Ningbo, the port in Zhejiang Province through which Chinese teachers and Japanese students of the Zen sect traveled. The Chinese mien of the figures and the garden setting are features of an iconographic tradition attributed to Li Gonglin (ca. 1040–1106), the most celebrated figure painter of the Song dynasty.