楔形文字石碑：古拉咒语 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	楔形文字石碑：古拉咒语
品名（英）	Cuneiform tablet: Gula incantation
入馆年号	1886年，86.11.130
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 500 - 公元前 1
创作地区
分类
尺寸	2 英寸 × 2 9/16 英寸 × 1 英寸 (5.1 × 6.5 × 2.5 厘米)
介绍（中）	大约在公元前3300年，文字的发明是行政技术的许多发展之一，包括使用几何代币进行计数和使用圆柱印章来保证交易，这些发展伴随着美索不达米亚南部第一批城市和州的发展。原始楔形文字是最早的书写形式的名称——在泥板上绘制的象形文字。渐渐地，象形文字被抽象成楔形文字（拉丁语，"楔形"）标志，这些标志是印象而非绘画的。从叙利亚地中海沿岸到伊朗西部，从赫梯-安纳托利亚到美索不达米亚南部，楔形文字的使用范围最广。它被改编成至少15种不同的语言。最后一个确定日期的楔形文字的日期对应于公元75年，尽管该文字可能在接下来的两个世纪里继续使用这个巴比伦晚期的石碑上有一个咒语的文字。该文本从左至右，讲述了古拉和马尔杜克（此处由他的苏美尔名字阿萨勒希标识）——与治疗有关的神——并呼吁他们帮助治愈一名被认为受到鬼魂袭击的痛苦患者。尽管医生（阿卡德马）治疗了各种各样的医疗问题，但驱魔师（阿卡德阿希普斯）也通过咒语、护身符和伴随的仪式与对医疗问题负有责任的邪恶生物进行斗争，在治疗中发挥了重要作用。阿希普的传说被认为是秘密的，但像这本书这样的文本表明了口语是如何代代相传的。这种药片很可能来自Sippar，是一个大型医学文献档案的一部分。
介绍（英）	The invention of writing in approximately 3300 B.C. was one of many developments in administrative technology--including the use of geometric tokens for counting and cylinder seals to guarantee transactions--that accompanied the growth of the first cities and states in southern Mesopotamia. Proto-cuneiform is the name given to the earliest form of writing--pictograms that were drawn on clay tablets. Gradually, the pictograms became abstracted into cuneiform (Latin, "wedge-shaped") signs that were impressed rather than drawn. At its greatest extent, cuneiform writing was used from the Mediterranean coast of Syria to western Iran and from Hittite Anatolia to southern Mesopotamia. It was adapted to write at least fifteen different languages. The last dated cuneiform text has a date corresponding to A.D. 75, although the script probably continued in use over the next two centuries. This late Babylonian tablet contains the text of an incantation. The text, which reads from left to right, addresses Gula and Marduk (here identified by his Sumerian name, Asalluhi) – deities associated with healing – and calls upon them to help cure an afflicted patient, who is thought to have been attacked by a ghost. Although physicians (Akkadian asus) treated a variety of medical problems, exorcists (Akkadian ashipus) also played an important role in healing by battling with the malevolent beings held responsible for medical problems through incantations, amulets, and accompanying rituals. The lore of the ashipu was considered secret, but texts such as this one show how spoken words could be handed down across generations. It is likely that this tablet came from Sippar and was part of a large archive of medical texts.