Snafle钻头 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	Snafle钻头
品名（英）	Snaffle Bit
入馆年号	1942年，42.50.495
策展部门	武器和盔甲（Arms and Armor）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 800 - 公元前 700
创作地区	原产国: 意大利, 可能是博洛尼亚（Country of Origin: Italy, possibly Bologna）
分类	马术器械钻头（Equestrian Equipment-Bits）
尺寸	高 3 1/2 英寸 (8.9 厘米); 宽 6 1/2 英寸 (16.5 厘米); 重 8.4 盎司 (238.1 g)
介绍（中）	Snafle钻头是最简单的一种马钻头，对肋骨（马下巴没有牙齿的部分）和唇角都有影响。这个钻头的牙套由两个穿过颧骨孔眼的铰接直管组成。后者呈新月形，装饰有抽象的几何穿孔装饰，在新月的每一点形成两个方形环（其中一个在两个颧骨上断开），用于将其挂在缰绳上。缰绳悬挂在连接在吹口两侧的方形环上。当它们被拉动时，颧骨会挤压嘴唇的角落，迫使马停下来。它们还可以帮助指示马的方向，防止戒指从嘴里穿过马在维拉诺万和伊特鲁里亚社会中有着巨大的价值。它们被用于军事和休闲目的，拥有它们是社会地位高的标志。马术用品，如缰绳甚至战车，经常存放在富人的坟墓里，死者希望在死后装备他们的战马。马也广泛存在于同一墓葬中的绘画、陶瓷和其他装饰物中这种类型与博洛尼亚维拉诺万墓葬中发现的碎片非常接近，这可能是该物体的起源。
介绍（英）	The snaffle bit is the simplest type of horse bit, and has an effect on the bars (part of the horses’ jaw without teeth) and the corners of the lips. The mouthpiece of this bit consists of two articulated straight canons passing through the eyelets of the cheekpieces. The latter, crescent-shaped, is decorated with an abstract geometrical pierced decoration forming two square loops at each point of the crescent (one is broken off on both cheekpieces), used for hanging it on the bridle. The reins would hang from the square rings attached to each side of the mouthpiece. When they were pulled, the cheekpieces would compress the corners of the lips, forcing the horse to stop. They would also help indicate the direction to the horse and keep the rings from pulling through the mouth. Horses had a great value among Villanovan and Etruscan societies. They were used for military and leisure purposes, and possessing them was an indicator of high social status. Equestrian objects, like bridles or even chariots, were often deposited in the tombs of the wealthy individuals, the deceased hoping to equip their steeds in the afterlife. Horses are also widely present among the paintings, ceramics and other decorated objects found in the same burials. This type is very close to bits found in the Villanovan burials of Bologna, a possible origin for this object.