[裸体与镜子] - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	[裸体与镜子]
品名（英）	[Nude with Mirror]
入馆年号	1997年，1997.382.45
策展部门	摄影（Photographs）
创作者
创作年份	公元 1848 - 公元 1852
创作地区
分类	照片（Photographs）
尺寸	visible: 7 x 5.7 厘米 (2 3/4 x 2 1/4 英寸)
介绍（中）	审查机构长期以来一直在努力跟上不断发展的技术和不断扩大的色情摄影发行网络的步伐。在19世纪的法国，政府官员经常缴获数千张与这里展示的匕首相似的照片，这些照片被认为是淫秽的男性裸体经常受到比女性色情更严格的控制。Plüshow和他的堂兄弟兼学生威廉·冯·格洛登（Wilhelm von Gloeden）的阿卡迪亚（Arcadian）照片在19世纪末被大量收藏，但在20世纪30年代，他们被意大利法西斯政府视为离经叛道的许多照片和底片被销毁。在20世纪的大部分时间里，邮寄可能被判定为淫秽的照片在美国是非法的，迫使摄影师用策略性道具或可以被购买者轻易去除的遮盖物遮盖生殖器和阴毛。在1962年最高法院的一项裁决中，销售色情男性体质杂志和健美运动员胸针被合法化，这些杂志和胸针表面上是为了促进健康而发行的，该裁决得出结论，"男性裸体的描绘不能被公平地视为比社会所容忍的许多女性裸体的描绘更令人反感。"
介绍（英）	Censors have long struggled to keep pace with evolving technology and expanding distribution networks of photographic erotica. In nineteenth-century France, government officials regularly seized thousands of photographs similar to the daguerreotype displayed here, which were deemed lewd. Male nudity has frequently been subject to stricter control than pornography featuring women. The Arcadian photographs of Plüshow and his cousin and student Wilhelm von Gloeden were avidly collected in the late nineteenth century, but in the 1930s many of their prints and negatives, considered deviant by the Italian Fascist government, were destroyed. For much of the twentieth century, it was illegal in the United States to mail photographs that might be judged prurient, forcing photographers to mask genitalia and pubic hair with strategic props or with overpainting that could be easily removed by purchasers. Sale of erotic male physique magazines and bodybuilder pin-ups, ostensibly circulated to promote fitness, was legalized in a 1962 Supreme Court ruling, which concluded that "portrayals of the male nude cannot fairly be regarded as more objectionable than many portrayals of the female nude that society tolerates."