啤酒 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	啤酒
品名（英）	La Bièvre
入馆年号	1988年，1988.1071
策展部门	摄影（Photographs）
创作者	Charles Marville【1813 至 1879】【法国人】
创作年份	公元 1863 - 公元 1867
创作地区
分类	照片（Photographs）
尺寸	27.8 x 37.6 厘米. (10 15/16 x 14 13/16 英寸)
介绍（中）	作为官方的"巴黎城市摄影师"，查尔斯·马维尔负责记录拿破仑三世和他的城市规划师豪斯曼男爵对这座城市的巨大改造。19世纪50年代初，皇帝提出了一个宏伟的林荫大道网络，它将穿过巴黎狭窄蜿蜒的街道和拥挤不堪的贫民窟。马维尔有条不紊地记录了即将拆除的街道和建筑，为子孙后代留下了一个形象尽管我们现在可能会怀着对失落的巴黎的怀旧之情来回顾这张照片，但对马维尔和他的观众来说，这些场景唤起了一种不那么田园风情的现实——比耶夫尔基本上是24家制革厂、21家皮革厂、9家淀粉厂和3家染料厂、一家造纸厂、两家棉花厂和两家面粉厂、四家洗衣店、一家肥皂和蜡烛厂的废物处理系统，以及其他各种行业。马维尔拍完这张照片后不久，比耶夫尔就被简单地盖上了，并绑在了巴黎的下水道系统中拿破仑三世城市计划的一个动机是放松军事行动，使革命者更难封锁巴黎狭窄的街道和控制部分，但他的许多努力都是为了将巴黎改造成一个更安全、更健康、更现代化的城市。
介绍（英）	As the official "photographer of the city of Paris," Charles Marville was charged with documenting the massive transformation of the city brought about by Napoleon III and his city planner, Baron Haussmann. In the early 1850s the Emperor proposed a network of grand boulevards that would plow through the narrow winding streets and overcrowded slums of Paris. Marville methodically recorded the streets and buildings slated for demolition, preserving an image for future generations. Although we may now look back at pictures like this one with nostalgia for a lost Paris, to Marville and his audience such scenes evoked a less bucolic reality-the Bièvre was essentially a waste system for twenty-four tanneries, twenty-one leather factories, nine starch and three dye manufacturers, a paper mill, two cotton and two flour mills, four laundries, a soap and candle factory, and assorted other industries. Shortly after Marville made this photograph, the Bièvre was simply covered over and tied into the Paris sewer system. One motivation for Napoleon III's urban plan was to ease military movement and make it more difficult for revolutionaries to barricade narrow streets and control sections of Paris, but many of his efforts were genuinely geared toward transforming Paris into a safer, healthier, more modern city.