架子 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	架子
品名（英）	Étagère
入馆年号	1999年，1999.50.2
策展部门	欧洲雕塑和装饰艺术（European Sculpture and Decorative Arts）
创作者
创作年份	公元 1830 - 公元 1865
创作地区
分类	木工家具（Woodwork-Furniture）
尺寸	整体: 53 1/2 × 25 × 16 英寸 (135.9 × 63.5 × 40.6 厘米)
介绍（中）	étagère，也被称为whatnot，在19世纪成为一种流行的家具形式。各种各样的架子为展示堆积的小装饰品提供了额外的空间，这些小装饰品是典型的英国中产阶级装饰。这款étagère的起伏轮廓和敞篷车腿是洛可可复兴风格的特色。黑漆和珍珠母装饰的表面模仿了18世纪安装在法国皇家家具上的日本漆造纸技术最早在印度和亚洲其他地区发展起来。制作纸制家具的过程要么是将多张纸粘贴在成型芯上，要么是在模具或基质之间压制纸浆以形成各种形状。一旦干燥，所得材料就可以像木头一样雕刻和抛光。作为一种原材料，papier-mâché被设计成用珍珠母、玻璃和石头镶嵌或应用英国最早提到这种材料的是物理学家罗伯特·博伊尔在他的文章《人类对自然事物的无知》（1671年）中提出的，该文章表明纸最适合用作相框和"各种浮雕作品和其他奇怪的动产"。到18世纪中期，papier-mâché开始更频繁地使用，但到19世纪40年代，14项用于papier-máché工艺的专利被取消，这一数字惊人地高。不幸的是，纸制家具的早期成功导致其质量和装饰的下降，并最终导致其衰落。
介绍（英）	The étagère, also called a whatnot, became a popular form of furniture in the nineteenth century. The variety of shelves provided extra space for the display of the accumulation of knickknacks that was typical of English middle-class decorating. The undulating silhouette and cabriole legs of this étagère are characteristic of the Rococo Revival style. The black painted and mother-of-pearl decorated surface imitates Japanese lacquer that was mounted into French royal furniture in the eighteenth century. The technique for making papier-mâché was first developed in India and in other parts of Asia. The process for making papier-mâché furniture was achieved either by pasting multiple sheets of paper over shaped cores, or by pressing paper pulp between dies or matrices to form a variety of shapes. Once dried, the resulting material could be carved and polished like wood. Considered a raw material, papier-mâché was intended to be japanned and inlaid or applied with mother-of-pearl, glass, and stones. The earliest reference to the material in England is made by the physicist Robert Boyle in his essay "Of Men's Ignorance of the Uses of Natural Things" (1671), which indicated that papier-mâché was most suitable for picture frames and "divers pieces of embossed work and other curious movables." By the mid-eighteenth century, papier-mâché began to be used with more frequency but by the 1840s, fourteen patents, a surprisingly highnumber, for papier-mâché processes were taken out. Unfortunately, the early success of papier-mâché furniture led to the debasement of its quality and decoration, and eventually to its decline.